There are many fields (e.g. education, health, postal services) where the working of market, focusing on profitability, can not serve a broader view-of public interest, and the Government (State) has to act as a problem-solver through subsidization or nationalization. These situations are…

Transparency in public finance is a constant preoccupation of modern administrations and citizenries, as the publicity of public expenditure and borrowing, the uniformisation of national accounts, citizen participation in government decisionmaking, and the introduction of various forms of…

The rapid development and use of new payment products and services, including pre-paid and store-value cards or e-cash, mobile payments, internet based payments and virtual currencies, has changed the dynamics of the 21st century financial market and services. These are powerful tools to…

Gender mainstreaming has increasingly gained importance over the past three decades. Originally viewed as an issue best confined to the social and development issues, the importance of gender mainstreaming has gained momentum with the realization that all regulations and policies have…

New technologies are profoundly changing the financial industry. The demand for digital solutions is surging, and both private and public institutions are heavily investing in R&D, especially in the field of digital currencies. Tech companies, like Paypal and Alibaba, are more and…

This course provides you with the exact knowledge and practical skills you need to thrive in this turbulent 21st century. It places two of the world’s megatrends into focus that all of us experience on a daily basis: the digital revolution and the need for sustainable development. In the…

We are living in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution which has been causing significant disruptions in many fronts while offering potential solutions for a broad area of life. New technological innovations are constantly born and implemented with unprecedented speed and scale while…

Almost every country in the world holds foreign currency reserves or “FX reserves”, which are assets of the central bank held in different reserve currencies, most commonly the US Dollar, used to back its liabilities. Foreign exchange reserves held by the Central Bank are a major national…

Despite their endowment of natural wealth, resource-rich developing countries among the poorest, low democratic and most conflict-ridden countries of the world. A high level of corruption – monopoly and discretion without accountability – is arguably the most important factor resulting…

Everyone negotiates something every day. Whether it is how to handle an organizational challenge, a takeover or a dispute, successful negotiation means getting what you want without offending the other party. Negotiating is not a one-off activity or a finite set of skills. It is an on-…